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Application of pheromone in integrated management pistachio shell of pistachio wood-eating moth

Pistachio wood-eating moth is one of the key pests of pistachio trees in Iran. This pest did not cause much damage in pistachio orchards before 1350, but the indiscriminate use of chemical insecticides, especially in March to May, and over the years weakened and eliminated the natural enemies of this pest.

As a result, the pest freely increased its population and entered non-infected areas. At present, the pistachio wood-eating butterfly is spread in all pistachio growing areas of Iran.

This insect has one generation per year and spends the winter as a full larva inside the branches. In late winter, the full larvae emerge by making holes in the branches and pupate in the right place.

Before hatching, the larvae form a pyramidal cocoon around themselves and the cocoons form on the underside of the branches.

After a few weeks, full-grown insects emerge and, after mating, lay their eggs on the young shoots of the same year at the junction of the petiole with the twig or cluster axis.

Pest damage includes feeding from the axis of the spikes, seed shedding as well as dryness of the branches as a result of feeding and digging the canal inside the head of the branch.

In the case of spikes, feeding on the pest causes the vessels to rupture, resulting in the drying of unripe fruits. The larvae then enter the wood of the branch and by digging a channel inside the branch, it stops its growth and dryness.